Role of crosslinkers on the properties of bio-based wood adhesives

Abstract

As people became more conscious of the risks associated with pollution in the early 21st century, eco-friendly adhesives made from plant oil began to be used. Bio-based adhesives are widely used due to their low price, easy accessibility, and high biodegradability; however, their low adhesive strength is an issue. This work incorporates three natural crosslinkers: tannic acid (TA), sorbitol (SR), and cellulose (CL) to address the drawbacks of bio-based adhesives, such as low adhesive strength, inferior output in humidity and longer curing time that result from excess water. Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) was used to react with soybean oil-based polyol (SOP) plus the crosslinkers to make bio-based polyurethane adhesives. The maximum bonding strength of the soybean-based adhesive containing 10 wt.% of SR (SR-10%) was measured at 6.19 MPa which is about 44% higher than the sample without SR. The higher strength is due to the crosslinking ability of SR. The effect of crosslinking is also observed in the study of polar protic and polar aprotic solvents used to dissolve the adhesive. As compared with the polar aprotic solvent tetrahydrofuran, TA-containing adhesive samples showed a maximum tensile strength of 3.69 MPa in methanol; a polar protic solvent that can participate in further hydrogen bonding to form a higher crosslinked complex. The glass transition temperature (T_g) increases with the increase in crosslinker amount. The observed increase in T_g may be attributable to an increase in crosslinking density, which reduces polymer chain flexibility and causes a stronger material.

Highlights

• Bio-adhesives based on soybean oil and diisocyanate were synthesized.
• Natural crosslinking agents such as tannic acid, sorbitol, and cellulose were used.
• The effect of crosslinking using polar protic and aprotic solvents was studied.
• The glass transition temperature increases with the increase in crosslinker amount.